Technical SEO: 17 SEO methods
Crawling, indexing, speed, redirects and structured data: the plumbing that decides whether Google can read your pages at all.
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13.Core Web Vitals
What Core Web Vitals are, the pass marks for LCP, INP and CLS, how to read field data in Search Console and PageSpeed Insights, and how to fix each metric.
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14.Page speed
What page speed means for SEO, how Google treats it, and a step-by-step fix list: caching, compression, images, scripts, with PageSpeed Insights and Lighthouse.
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15.robots.txt and noindex
robots.txt controls what Google crawls, noindex controls what it indexes. See the syntax, the mistake that breaks noindex, and how to test both.
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16.XML sitemaps
What an XML sitemap does, the limits Google sets, which tags Google ignores, and how to build, submit and check one in Search Console.
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17.Crawl and indexing errors
How to read the Search Console Page indexing report, what each not-indexed status means, how to fix it, and when crawl budget matters (large sites only).
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18.Mobile-first indexing and responsive design
Google indexes the mobile version of your pages. Learn what that means, how responsive design fixes it, a content-parity checklist and how to test.
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19.HTTPS
HTTPS is a light Google ranking signal and a trust signal. Learn how to get a free Let's Encrypt certificate, redirect HTTP, fix mixed content and add HSTS.
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20.Broken links
What broken links are, what Google says about 404s, how soft 404s differ, and a step-by-step process to find, fix and prevent dead links on your site.
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21.URL structure
How to build URLs Google can read: short words, hyphens, few parameters, one case. Plus when to change URLs and how to redirect them without losing rankings.
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22.Canonical tags
What rel=canonical does, why Google treats it as a hint, how to set it correctly, and how to check Google's chosen canonical in URL Inspection.
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23.Hreflang
How hreflang works in Google, the language and region codes, return links and x-default, with HTML and sitemap examples and the errors to avoid.
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24.Custom 404 page
How to build a custom 404 page that returns a real 404 status, avoids soft 404 errors in Search Console, and sends lost visitors to useful pages.
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25.JavaScript SEO
How Google crawls, renders and indexes JavaScript sites, plus the fixes that matter: real links, server-side rendering, status codes and testing.
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26.301 redirects
When to use 301 or 308 versus 302 or 307, how to avoid redirect chains, server config examples, and how long Google says to keep redirects.
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27.Structured data (schema markup)
What structured data is, which Google rich result types are still supported, how to add JSON-LD, and how to test it with the Rich Results Test.
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28.Product structured data and Merchant Center
How to add Product markup for product snippets and merchant listings, which properties Google requires, and how free listings in Merchant Center fit in.
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29.International SEO
How to choose between ccTLDs, subfolders and subdomains, research keywords per market, avoid IP redirects, and tell Google which version is for whom.